For the period up to around 1300, some linguists refer to the oïl languages collectively as Old French (ancien français). The earliest extant text in French is the Oaths of Strasbourg from 842; Old French became a literary language with the chansons de geste that told tales of the paladins of Charlemagne and the heroes of the Crusades.
By the Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts in 1539 King Francis I made French the official language of administration and court proceedings in France, ousting the Latin that had been used before then. With the imposition of a standardised chancery dialect and the loss of the declension system, the dialect is referred to as Middle French (moyen français). The first grammatical description of French, the Tretté de la Grammaire française by Louis Maigret, was published in 1550. Many of the 700 words of modern French that originate from Italian were introduced in this period, including several denoting artistic concepts (scenario, piano), luxury items, and food.
Following a period of unification, regulation and purification, the French of the 17th to the 18th centuries is sometimes referred to as Classical French (français classique), although many linguists simply refer to French language from the 17th century to today as Modern French (français moderne).


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French Special Edition Deluxe Language Course 20 Audio CDs Flashcards 9 listening guides and more... Get Other French Audio Language learning Audio click here French Special Edition Deluxe Language Course 20 Audio Cds and more - Learn to Speak French Brand New : 20 Audio CDs and more Global Access Special Edition is a comprehensive beginner through advanced language learning program designed for travel business and personal enrichment. This 20 CD program begins with 1 60-minute audio CD of survival words and phrases needed for travel. Next 9 audio CDs feature beginning intermediate and advanced grammar concepts essential for language mastery. Then test your comprehension with 3 immersion aud find out more.....


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Lonely Planet - Fast Talk Audio - French Other Language Learning French Audio Book CDs Click here Lonely Planet - Fast Talk Audio - French Brand New - CD and Book Fast Talk Audio - French is a pocket-sized phrasebook and CD companion packed with key phrases for short trips. Read and listen to all the language you need for sightseeing shopping eating drinking and more. Lonely Planet's Fast Talk with Audio series gives you all the basics you may need for an easy and hassle-free short trip away. This practical pocket-sized phrasebook and CD companion is your best bet to laughing eating and telling it like it is - in a way that even locals will understand! Includes an easy pronunciation find out more.....


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Teach Me Everyday French Volume 1: Written by Judy Mahoney illustrated by Patrick Girouard Other Childrens Language Learning Audio click here Teach Me Everyday French - Volume 1 - Judy Mahoney - Book and Audio CD Brand New Teach Me Everyday is the newest title available from the award winning Teach Me series. Kids love to learn a new language! And what better way than through the joy of song! Teach Me Everyday contains a 32 page hard cover book beautifully illustrated helping to capture your childrens attention and feed there imaginations! Accompanied by an Audio CD full of popular childhood songs. All songs are professionally recorded in French . The colour book contains full lyrics and tra more here.....


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Pimsleur Comprehensive French Level 1 Get other Pimsleur Comprehensive French click here Get other French Language audio click here Comprehensive French I includes 30 lessons of essential grammar and vocabulary -- 16 hours of real-life spoken practice sessions -- plus an introduction to reading. Upon completion of this Level I program you will have functional spoken proficiency with the most-frequently-used vocabulary and grammatical structures. You will be able to: * initiate and maintain face-to-face conversations * deal with every day situations -- ask for information directions and give basic information about yourself and family * communicate basic information on informal topics and par more here.....


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Pimsleur Comprehensive French Level 3 Get other Pimsleur Comprehensive French click here Get other French Language audio click here Comprehensive French III includes 30 additional lessons (16 hrs.) plus Readings which build upon the language skills acquired in Levels I and II. Increased spoken and reading language ability. Level III will increase your vocabulary and grammatical structures and triple your spoken proficiency. Upon completion of a level III you will be able to: * participate in most informal and some formal discussions on practical social and some semi-professional topics * form longer sentences while maintaining the target language syntax * be understood even by native speaker more here.....
About the French Language
French is a Romance language originally spoken in France, Belgium, Luxembourg, and Switzerland, and today by about 350 million people around the world as either a native or a second language, with significant populations in 54 countries.
French is a descendant of the Latin of the Roman Empire, as are languages such as Spanish, Italian, Catalan, Romanian, and Portuguese. Its development was also influenced by the native Celtic languages of Roman Gaul and by the Germanic language of the post-Roman Frankish invaders.
It is an official language in 31 countries, most of which form what is called in French La Francophonie, the community of French-speaking nations. It is an official language of all United Nations agencies and a large number of international organisations.
Per the Constitution of France, French has been the official language since 1992[8] (although previous legal texts have made it official since 1539, see ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts). France mandates the use of French in official government publications, public education outside of specific cases (though these dispositions are often ignored) and legal contracts; advertisements must bear a translation of foreign words.
The foundation of the Académie française (French Academy) in 1634 by Cardinal Richelieu created an official body whose goal has been the purification and preservation of the French language. This group of 40 members is known as the Immortals, not, as some erroneously believe, because they are chosen to serve for the extent of their lives (which they are), but because of the inscription engraved on the official seal given to them by their founder Richelieu—"À l'immortalité" ("to the Immortality (of the French language)"). The foundation still exists and contributes to the policing of the language and the adaptation of foreign words and expressions. Some recent modifications include the change from software to logiciel, packet-boat to paquebot, and riding-coat to redingote. The word ordinateur for computer was however not created by the Académie, but by a linguist appointed by IBM (see fr:ordinateur).
From the 17th to the 19th centuries, France was the leading power of Europe; thanks to this, together with the influence of the Enlightenment, French was the lingua franca of educated Europe, especially with regards to the arts, literature, and diplomacy; monarchs like Frederick II of Prussia and Catherine the Great of Russia could both speak and write in French
In addition to French, there are also a variety of regional languages. France has signed the European Charter for Regional Languages but has not ratified it since that would go against the 1958 Constitution.
The majority of French words derive from Vulgar Latin or were constructed from Latin or Greek roots. There are often pairs of words, one form being popular (noun) and the other one savant (adjective), both originating from Latin. Example:
* brother: frère / fraternel < from Latin FRATER
* finger: doigt / digital < from Latin DIGITVS
* faith: foi / fidèle < from Latin FIDES
* cold: froid / frigide < from Latin FRIGIDVS
* eye: œil / oculaire < from Latin OCVLVS
* inhabitants of the city Saint-Étienne are called Stéphanois
The last example, Saint-Étienne/Stéphanois, illustrates common practice for gentilics throughout France.
In some examples there is a common word from "vulgar" Latin and a more savant word from classical Latin or even Greek.
* Cheval—Concours équestre—Hippodrome
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The French words which have developed from Latin are usually less recognisable than Italian words of Latin origin because as French developed into a separate language from Vulgar Latin, the unstressed final syllable of many words was dropped or elided into the following word.
It is estimated that 12% (4,200) of common French words found in a typical dictionary such as the Petit Larousse or Micro-Robert Plus (35,000 words) are of foreign origin. About 25% (1,054) of these foreign words come from English and are fairly recent borrowings. The others are some 707 words from Italian, 550 from ancient Germanic languages, 481 from ancient Gallo-Romance languages, 215 from Arabic, 164 from German, 160 from Celtic languages, 159 from Spanish, 153 from Dutch, 112 from Persian and Sanskrit, 101 from Native American languages, 89 from other Asian languages, 56 from Afro-Asiatic languages, 55 from Slavic languages and Baltic languages, 10 for Basque and 144 — about three percent — from other languages.
Stade Francais prop David Attoub has appealed against his 70-week ban for gouging in a Heineken Cup match against Ulster last month, competition organisers said overnight. "David Attoub has today lodged an appeal against both the finding of foul play and level of sanction imposed by an independent disciplinary hearing last Tuesday," said a statement posted on the ERC website. "The independent appeal committee will be appointed as soon as practicable." The 28-year-old, who played for France in 2006, was suspended for gouging flanker Stephen Ferris's eyes in an ill-tempered game won 23-13 by Ulster in Belfast. ERC said they had taken into account the fact the player had already been suspended three times in the past and sanctioned for a similar offence in the 2004-05 season. "This is the worst act of contact with the eyes I have had to deal with," judge Jeff Blackett said in a statement posted on the ERC website at the time. -
An Imam in Paris has given his support for a law against full-face veils and burqas in France. A Parliamentary Commission in France is about to deliver its findings after a six-month investigation into the religious, cultural and social significance of the more conservative style of dress by Muslim women. Hassen Chalghoumi, who heads a mosque in a northern suburb of Paris, said women who wanted to cover their faces should move to Saudi Arabia or other Muslim countries where that was a tradition. The report will be handed to the national assembly on Tuesday after which the French Government is likely to pass a law banning clothing that covers the face while they are in public. President Nicolas Sarkozy supports a ban calling the veils an affront to women's dignity.
The French government has passed a radical affirmative action plan that will force publicly-listed companies to hire more women in their boardrooms. At the moment women hold fewer than 10 per cent of boardroom seats in publicly-listed companies, but the new laws will see that figure rise to 40 per cent. Women hold a certain place in French society - they are famed writers, musicians and supermodels. Men adore them in the bedroom, but not, it seems, in the boardroom. Avivah Wittenberg Cox, the CEO of 20-first, one of Europe's leading gender consultancies, has welcomed the new legislation. "I think this is the beginning of what we might actually consider true meritocracy," she said. "What we've had until now, I would suggest, is actually a pretty established millennium of affirmative action in favour of masculine leadership styles, networks and norms. "We will now be able to reach beyond that and promote some women." In Spain, women fill just 4 per cent of board seats. It too recently introduced a similar, though voluntary, scheme. In 2003 Norway became the first country to pass a law requiring boards to have at least 40 per cent of seats occupied by women. According to the Norwegian government, the quota is not simply a strike for equality - it makes sound economic sense in a country that has weathered the economic storm better than most. The minister of trade and industry in the Norwegian government at the time, Ansgar Gabrielsen, says the quota system ensures women are no longer disadvantaged. "From my perspective, in a country where 50 per cent of the population is women, where they have had 50 per cent of the students in higher education for decades, there was no reason to keep them out of the boards," he said. "What is the reason that only 6 per cent of the members of the board are women? I have been in the business world, so I know how it works, how they elect people to the boards and how they elect friends, how they elect people from the same schools, from the same hunting or fishing club or golf club or whatever, there was no reason to go on with that. "And I think that in 20 years, we would laugh of the situation that in many countries it's only one of 10 members of boards [that] are women. It will change all over the world, I'm sure."
French cartoonist Jacques Martin, creator of the popular comic book hero Alix and a collaborator on the Tintin books, has died aged 88. Martin collaborated with Tintin creator Herge for 19 years on numerous cartoon books featuring the famous boy reporter and his faithful dog Snowy. Enjoying success in his own right after his creation Alix sprang from the pages of Tintin to become its own brand, Strasbourg-born Martin plundered Imperial Rome, Egypt and the Napoleonic era for the backdrops to his stories. Due to failing eyesight, Martin had long left the drawing to others. He died on Thursday (local time) in Switzerland. -
France coach Marc Lievremont has forgiven Mathieu Bastareaud for lying about being attacked after a loss to New Zealand last year and named him in a 30-man squad for the Six Nations championship. The 21-year-old centre had said he was attacked by up to five people as he returned to the team hotel following a 14-10 defeat by the All Blacks in Wellington last June. Back in France, after being told CCTV footage showed him entering the hotel uninjured, he admitted lying and said he had fallen in his bedroom because he was drunk. Bastareaud was ordered by the French Rugby Federation (FFR) to do 18 sessions of community service for the benefit of amateur rugby but he was not suspended. "The unhappy episode of this summer is forgotten," Lievremont said. "Bastareaud deserves to be back because he is performing well with his Stade Francais club and because he has started to do the community service he has been sentenced to." The France coach also recalled 32-year-old scrum-half Jean-Baptiste Elissalde, fly half Benjamin Boyet, wings Aurelien Rougerie and Julien Malzieu and full-back Clement Poitrenaud. Half-back Frederic Michalak, winger Cedric Heymans, centre Florian Fritz and full-back Maxime Medard were left out of a squad already without suspended scrum-half Julien Dupuy plus prop Fabien Barcella and centre Damien Traille, who are both injured. "There are some players we rely on, we appreciate but who have not performed as well in recent weeks. It doesn't mean they are too old or forgotten or rejected," Lievremont said. Another surprise was the call-up of newcomer Fabrice Estebanez, a 29-year-old former rugby league international, who plays either at centre or fly half with Brive. France will start its Six Nations campaign against Scotland at Murrayfield on February 7. Forwards: Thomas Domingo, Luc Ducalcon, Sylvain Marconnet, Nicolas Mas, William Servat, Dimitri Szarzewski, Sebastien Chabal, Romain Millo-Chluski, Lionel Nallet, Pascal Pape, Julien Bonnaire, Thierry Dusautoir (c), Imanol Harinordoquy, Alexandre Lapandry, Fulgence Ouedraogo, Louis Picamoles. Backs: Jean-Baptiste Elissalde, Morgan Parra, Benjamin Boyet, Francois Trinh-Duc, Mathieu Bastareaud, Fabrice Estebanez, David Marty, Yannick Jauzion, Vincent Clerc, Benjamin Fall, Julien Malzieu, Aurelien Rougerie, Alexis Palisson, Clement Poitrenaud. -
Three European tourists have been detained in Sudan for acquiring the remnants of a rare meteorite that hit a remote region in 2008, their lawyer said. Lawyer Adil Yacoub Ahmed says the tourists, two from France and the other from Belgium, were arrested 500 kilometres north of the capital Khartoum. "They were arrested two weeks ago in Abu Hamad and were transferred on Sunday to the Bahri prison," he said. Mr Ahmed says the trio were "just tourists, who had no intention of committing a crime". A Western diplomat confirmed the arrest of the three, without giving further details. Sudan's interior ministry previously released a statement confirming French and Belgian tourists had been arrested "for acquiring ... the remains of meteorites, which constitutes an offence" under Sudan's laws governing archaeological activity. The meteorite, named 2008 TC3, struck north Sudan in October 2008, near the Egyptian border. Space rocks that make it through the Earth's atmosphere can be extremely valuable and this rare example has been the object of research by Sudanese and United States scientists. The arrests come in the context of tense relations between Sudan and France, which is harbouring Abdel Wahid Nur, the exiled leader of a key Darfuri rebel group. Paris is also a fervent supporter of the decision in March by the International Criminal Court to issue a warrant for the arrest of Sudan's President Omar al-Beshir on charges of war crimes and crimes against humanity in Darfur. But Mr Ahmed says the case is criminal, not political. "They are doing well, they are being well treated, they have been able to speak to their families, and I hope to be able to secure their release tomorrow," he said. He added the Sudanese authorities still had to determine the nature of the rocks in their possession. -
Filmmaker Roman Polanski won more damages on Tuesday (local time) from French publications that printed photographs of him at his Swiss home where he is confined pending extradition proceedings in a child sex case. A Paris court convicted the magazines VSD and Voici and the weekly newspaper Journal de Dimanche of breaching Polanski's privacy by publishing zoom-lens pictures of him and his children without permission. It ordered them to pay a total of 16,000 euros ($24,700) in fines, costs and compensation to him and his wife, French actress Emmanuelle Seigner. Polanski is under house arrest while Swiss authorities consider a demand by the United States to deport him to face charges of having unlawful sex with a 13-year-old girl in California in 1977. -
Stade Francais prop David Attoub has been hit with a mammoth 70-week ban from rugby union for gouging after what the disciplinary chief who imposed the penalty labelled "the worst act of contact with the eyes that I have had to deal with". The ban, which has been backdated to start on December 18, means, as things stand, Attoub cannot play rugby again until April 22, 2011 ruling him out of the remainder of the current European season and most of next term's campaign. It is the second-most severe suspension to have been handed out for a gouging offence in the professional era, exceeded only by the two-year ban handed to Richard Nones, a prop with French club Colomiers, in 1999. Attoub, 28, was cited for gouging Ulster lock Stephen Ferris during a stormy European Cup clash on December 12 in Belfast that the Irish province won 23-13. Eye gouging is regarded as one of the worst acts of foul play in the 15-man game and the International Rugby Board (IRB), the sport's global governing body, have instructed disciplinary authorities to come down hard on those found guilty of the offence. Judge Jeff Blackett, the disciplinary supremo at England's Rugby Football Union (RFU), who heard Attoub's case said it was the IRB directive and the player's previous history of gouging, which included a suspension for contact with the eye/eye area in a European match in the 2004/05 season, that saw him impose a penalty which has the potential to end the forward's career. Blackett, who found Attoub guilty of the offence on Friday but only passed sentence when the disciplinary hearing reconvened on Monday, determined his action was "in the top-end in the level of seriousness for an offence of contact with the eye/eye area". In a statement issued on Tuesday, Blackett said: "This is the worst act of contact with the eyes that I have had to deal with: it is a case of deliberate eye gouging". The initial hearing on December 18 was adjourned until January 15 to allow for more evidence to be gathered after doubts were cast on the veracity of photographs which showed the incident. But Blackett's ruling made clear he accepted the images were genuine and he delivered a damning indictment of Attoub's conduct. "When he was shown the incriminating photographs and asked to explain what he saw or what was happening he replied that he did not know," Blackett said. "He refused to accept the possibility that his finger was in the eye. "It was this evasiveness which satisfied me that his account was less than truthful and that he knew that he had deliberately attacked the eyes of an opponent but was trying to evade responsibility." The ban follows a 24-week ban given to Attoub's team-mate and scrum-half Julien Dupuy who also gouged Ferris in the same match. -
The health ministry in France has issued a warning after eight people died and seven fell sick in two European countries from using heroin contaminated by anthrax. "Since December 6, there have been 15 confirmed cases of anthrax among heroin users, 14 in Scotland and one in Germany," the ministry's General Directorate for Health (DGS) said in a statement. "Eight people died," it said. "The likeliest source is heroin contaminated by anthrax spores." Most of the casualties had injected the heroin, but others also inhaled it or smoked it. Anthrax is a potentially lethal bacterium that exists naturally in the soil and can also occur among cattle. It is also, more notoriously, a potential bio-terror weapon. The ministry said the contaminated drug may also be circulating in France and other European countries. "There is no outward sign or colour enabling the user to tell whether the heroin has been contaminated by anthrax, and contaminated heroin dissolves or is used in the same way as uncontaminated heroin," it said. -
The Federal Government has ramped up warnings about Microsoft's web browser Internet Explorer, which has come under attack from hackers. The Government is warning that people risk having their computers infiltrated and passwords stolen unless they install temporary fixes from Microsoft or use alternative browsers. The Government says Microsoft has acknowledged all recent versions of the program are vulnerable. It also says people should remember to regularly update their security software and change passwords oftenly. The French and German governments have warned internet users in Europe to avoid Microsoft's popular web browser. The concern follows revelations that hackers used a crack in Internet Explorer to mount an attack on Google and a number of other companies. Senior lecturer in network engineering at Melbourne's RMIT University, Mark Gregory, says industry and governments are not prepared for the changing threats to cyberspace. "The digital network is like the wild west. It is unregulated," he said. "It is being used in ways that it wasn't meant to be used and we need to get organisations, companies and governments ... focused on taking action to make the digital network more secure for the general public." Bill Caelli, from the Information Security Institute at the Queensland University of Technology, says the Government and regulators must step in to protect internet users. "How many builders have put smoke detectors in the new homes and houses? How many people have put fences around their pools to protect children?" he said. "So safety and security has never, ever been market-driven. It's always been driven by regulatory [sic], by society itself, and that's the role of government." The Government says Microsoft has not solved the security glitch and Australians should use alternative browsers. Dr Gregory says it is good advice. "There are other browsers that are available that appear to be being targeted less by the hackers and by these organisations than what Internet Explorer is being targeted," he said. "I don't think there was any inference in what they said that Internet Explorer was any more deficient in terms of security than any of the other browsers, just that it was being targeted more. "On that basis you'd have to argue that if security was a principal concern then using another browser would be wise until the incidence is reduced." Editor's note (19 January 2010): This story has been amended to reflect the fact that web users can install temporary fixes from Microsoft to reduce their risk.